Land Use and Ecosystem Services Open access Peer reviewed

Characterizing “production-living-ecological” space conflicts in China's ecologically fragile regions: the case of the floodplain of the Lower Yellow River

Zhang Feng, Gao Yalu, Su Quan

Ecological Indicators | Jun 18, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This study examines the interactive evolution of production-living-ecological (PLE) spaces and the spatiotemporal variations in spatial conflicts across the Lower Yellow River Floodplain. The Markov land-use transition matrix, spatial conflict comprehensive index (SCCI), kernel density estimation, and spatial autocorrelation analysis were employed to characterize spatiotemporal patterns. Multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) and Geodetector models were used to quantify core drivers behind PLE spatial conflict changes. The main findings are as follows: (1) During the study period, the study area experienced remarkable spatial restructuring, showing a decrease in production and living spaces and an expansion of ecological space. Agricultural production and rural living spaces shrunk continuously, whereas aquatic ecological spaces expanded rapidly and dominated overall ecological space growth. (2) Spatial conflict intensity first increased and then decreased. The SCCI value rose from 0.32 in 2000 to 0.35 in 2018, before a slight drop to 0.34 in 2020, closely tied to regional land-use restructuring and spatial governance practices. (3) PLE spatial conflicts showed substantial spatial unevenness, with low-low (L-L) clustering as the dominant pattern. The Henan reach and the Kenli section of Shandong Province remained relatively stable low-conflict zones. (4) Both natural and socioeconomic factors shaped the evolutionary changes of these conflicts. Population density (PD), land-use intensity (LUI), and road density (RD) showed relatively strong explanatory effects on spatial conflict variability. Factor interactions consistently outperformed individual factors, pointing to clear synergy among multiple drivers. These findings strengthen the empirical understanding of PLE conflict evolution in floodplain areas and provide useful evidence for formulating differentiated spatial governance schemes.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Zhang Feng

first | Shandong University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0003-3143-1834

Gao Yalu

middle | Shandong University of Technology

Su Quan

last | Shandong University of Technology

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Feng2026Characterizing,
  title = {Characterizing “production-living-ecological” space conflicts in China's ecologically fragile regions: the case of the floodplain of the Lower Yellow River},
  author = {Zhang Feng and Gao Yalu and Su Quan},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.115061},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.115061}
}

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