Primate Behavior and Ecology Open access Peer reviewed

Conflict between farmers and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Northern Algeria: threats and conservation implications

Mohammed Khalil Mellal, Abdelmadjid Chelli, Rabah Boutekrabt, Sarah E. Turner and 2 more

Scientific Reports | Sep 16, 2026

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It was found that the Barbary macaque was widely perceived by farmers as a “nuisance”, and one third of farms were abandoned due to severe crop loss, and the need for sustainable solutions to enhance the coexistence between humans and Barbary macaques in the region is highlighted.

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Abstract Human-wildlife conflict is a major challenge in conservation biology with ecological and socioeconomic consequences. The problem is particularly delicate when the animals involved are threatened with extinction and experiencing rapid habitat loss due to climate change and anthropogenic actions. Here, we examined crop-foraging on farms in Central North Algeria by the Endangered Barbary macaques ( Macaca sylvanus ) to understand the conflict severity. We surveyed 94 farmers to assess the seasonal pattern, occurrence, altitudinal pattern, and consequences of crop-foraging by the Barbary macaques. We found that the Barbary macaque was widely perceived by farmers as a “nuisance”, and one third of farms were abandoned due to severe crop loss. More than 50% of farms had their crops damaged between June and September. The probability of frequent crop-foraging was driven primarily by farm-scale characteristics and landscape context: Larger cultivated area were associated with greater crop-foraging frequency, while altitude and proximity to settlements showed weaker positive associations. Our results highlight the need for sustainable solutions to enhance the coexistence between humans and Barbary macaques in the region.

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Authors

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Mohammed Khalil Mellal

first | University of Béjaïa | ORCID 0000-0002-1761-4688

Abdelmadjid Chelli

middle | University of Béjaïa | ORCID 0000-0001-9133-2761

Rabah Boutekrabt

middle | Toyoda Gosei (Japan)

Sarah E. Turner

middle | Concordia University | ORCID 0000-0002-6506-6567

Robert B. Weladji

middle | Concordia University | ORCID 0000-0003-4922-7989

Rassim Khelifa

last | Concordia University | ORCID 0000-0001-6632-8787

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BibTeX

@article{Mellal2026Conflict,
  title = {Conflict between farmers and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Northern Algeria: threats and conservation implications},
  author = {Mohammed Khalil Mellal and Abdelmadjid Chelli and Rabah Boutekrabt and Sarah E. Turner and Robert B. Weladji and Rassim Khelifa},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-71407-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-71407-3}
}

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