Respiratory Support and Mechanisms Peer reviewed

Lung-Protective Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Non-acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Critical Appraisal of Its Benefits

Ida Giorgia Iavarone, Raffaele Merola, Maria Vargas, Patricia R.M. Rocco and 4 more

Anesthesia & Analgesia | Aug 25, 2026

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This narrative review critically appraises the randomized clinical trial evidence for lung-protective ventilation in ARDS and non-ARDS patients.

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Mechanical ventilation is essential in the care of critically ill patients, yet it carries a considerable risk of causing lung injury, particularly in those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Lung-protective ventilation strategies, most notably the use of low tidal volumes and carefully titrated positive end-expiratory pressure, have been widely recommended in patients with ARDS. Whether such strategies offer similar benefit in non-ARDS patients remains uncertain. Recent randomized trials have failed to demonstrate clear advantages in non-ARDS populations and, in some cases, have suggested potential harm. Recent evidence has increasingly questioned whether lung-protective ventilation confers consistent and meaningful benefits across all ARDS patients. These concerns have led to growing interest in tailoring ventilator settings to the individual patient and underlying condition, rather than universally applying a uniform ventilation strategy. This narrative review critically appraises the randomized clinical trial evidence for lung-protective ventilation in ARDS and non-ARDS patients.

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Ida Giorgia Iavarone

first | Ospedale Policlinico San Martino

Raffaele Merola

middle | University of Naples Federico II | ORCID 0000-0002-0159-1426

Maria Vargas

middle | University of Naples Federico II

Patricia R.M. Rocco

middle | Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Chiara Robba

middle | Ospedale Policlinico San Martino

Nicolò Antonino Patroniti

middle | Ospedale Policlinico San Martino

Marcus J. Schultz

middle | University of St.Gallen

Denise Battaglini

last | Ospedale Policlinico San Martino | ORCID 0000-0002-6895-6442

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BibTeX

@article{Iavarone2026Lung,
  title = {Lung-Protective Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Non-acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Critical Appraisal of Its Benefits},
  author = {Ida Giorgia Iavarone and Raffaele Merola and Maria Vargas and Patricia R.M. Rocco and Chiara Robba and Nicolò Antonino Patroniti and Marcus J. Schultz and Denise Battaglini},
  journal = {Anesthesia & Analgesia},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1213/ane.0000000000008272},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000008272}
}

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