In Vitro Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Activity of Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica) with Fennel Seeds (Foeniculum vulgare) and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Against Streptococcus mutans

Abstract

Abstract

Foeniculum vulgare, commonly called fennel, is a member of the Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae) family and has enjoyed centuries of use in traditional herbal medicine. 6 Fennel seeds are known for their digestive benefits and are commonly used as breath fresheners. 6 Their key chemical constituents include transanethole, fenchone, estragole, and d-limonene. 7,8 Despite their traditional IntroductIonDental caries, a condition with multifactorial origins, involves the action of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, which is central to the pathogenesis and caries development. 1 Diminishing S. mutans levels may represent an effective measure for caries prevention. 1 Dental practitioners are constantly seeking innovative, practical strategies for managing this disease, and one potential avenue is exploring the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants. 2 The use of plant-based treatments has ancient origins, with numerous cultures employing native plant extracts in medicinal applications. 3 Today, many pharmaceuticals, especially those in the United States, are derived from plants, although their use as antimicrobial agents remains limited. 2 Salvia hispanica, commonly called chia, is a biennial member of the Lamiaceae family native to Central and South America. 4 Its seeds are densely packed with essential nutrients-especially omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality proteins, dietary fiber, and a spectrum of minerals. 4,5 Although both animal and human investigations have highlighted chia's myriad healthpromoting effects, 4,5 its antimicrobial efficacy-particularly against oral pathogens such as S. mutans-remains largely uncharted.