Text Readability and Simplification Open access

UOL@IDEM at BEA 2026 Shared Task 1: Neural Fusion and Feature-Rich Modeling for L1-Aware Vocabulary Difficulty Prediction

Nouran Khallaf, Serge Sharoff

arXiv (Cornell University) | Jun 23, 2026

Abstract

This paper describes UOL@IDEM's closed-track submission to the BEA 2026 shared task on L1-aware vocabulary difficulty prediction. We model the task as regression and train separate systems for Spanish, German, and Mandarin Chinese\footnote{Below we use \emph{Chinese} for brevity.}. Our system combines multilingual contextual representations with engineered features capturing frequency, surface form, retrieval evidence, semantic alignment, cognate similarity, and masked-language-model predictability. Development results show consistent gains over the official closed-track baselines, with sentence-embedding encoders such as BGE-M3, multilingual E5, and LaBSE performing best. Official submissions achieve RMSE scores of 1.132, 1.037, and 0.891 for Spanish, German, and Chinese, respectively. Feature analysis identifies frequency as the most stable predictor, while contextual predictability, form similarity, retrieval, and semantic features provide complementary L1-sensitive signals. Error analysis shows strong ranking performance but weaker calibration for the easiest items, which are often overpredicted. See https://github.com/Nouran-Khallaf/UoL-IDEM-BEA2026-Vocabulary-Difficulty-Prediction

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Nouran Khallaf

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Serge Sharoff

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@article{Khallaf2026IDEM,
  title = {UOL@IDEM at BEA 2026 Shared Task 1: Neural Fusion and Feature-Rich Modeling for L1-Aware Vocabulary Difficulty Prediction},
  author = {Nouran Khallaf and Serge Sharoff},
  journal = {arXiv (Cornell University)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.24501},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24501}
}

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