Environmental Conservation and Management Open access Peer reviewed

Evaluating a strategic approach for identifying and ranking holistic sets of indicators of conservation project success

Andrew Marshall, Rodrigo Minici de Oliveira, Ricardo L. de Figueiredo, John Meadows and 6 more

Conservation Science and Practice | Jul 15, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Evidence‐based conservation often fails to balance ecological and socioeconomic measures of success. Indicator selection is often biased by expert opinion, misaligned with goals, and lacks scientific rigor. We developed and tested the Holistic Indicator Selection Protocol (HISP), a semi‐systematic approach to improve indicator prioritization in conservation planning. Based on the widely adopted Conservation Standards, HISP combines expert and stakeholder input with structural situation model parameters to identify and rank ecological and socioeconomic candidate indicators relevant to evaluating conservation success. In a case study landscape with typical conservation challenges, we applied four HISP indices to score indicators based on their effectiveness at representing: (1) conservation threats; (2) project strategy defined by a situation model; (3) expert opinion; and (4) stakeholder opinion. We statistically evaluated each index for its ability to minimize selection biases and complexity. Indicators represented ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, direct and indirect threats, and governance strategies. The threat‐based index prioritized socioeconomic challenges, whereas the model‐based index balanced socioeconomic and ecological indicators, suggesting broader applicability. Opinion‐based indices introduced some biases but remained valuable for data‐limited contexts. HISP offers a transparent, adaptable method for prioritizing conservation indicators—supporting rather than replacing expert judgment—enabling refinement based on feasibility and conceptual alignment.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Andrew Marshall

first | University of the Sunshine Coast

Rodrigo Minici de Oliveira

middle | University of the Sunshine Coast | ORCID 0000-0002-5447-4661

Ricardo L. de Figueiredo

middle | University of York

John Meadows

middle | University of the Sunshine Coast

F. Sutton

middle | University of York

Hayley Blackwell

middle | University of York

Jennifer Archer

middle | University of Leeds | ORCID 0000-0003-3802-3411

Charles Meshack

middle | Tanzania National Parks

Fadhili M. Njilima

middle | North Yorkshire County Council

Susannah M. Salluh

last | University of Leeds

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Marshall2026Evaluating,
  title = {Evaluating a strategic approach for identifying and ranking holistic sets of indicators of conservation project success},
  author = {Andrew Marshall and Rodrigo Minici de Oliveira and Ricardo L. de Figueiredo and John Meadows and F. Sutton and Hayley Blackwell and Jennifer Archer and Charles Meshack and Fadhili M. Njilima and Susannah M. Salluh},
  journal = {Conservation Science and Practice},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1111/csp2.70351},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70351}
}

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