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Achieving Controllable Liquid‐Solid Phase Transitions in Metallic Nanoparticles Through Electron Beam Irradiation

Chenjia Zhang, Pengfei Nan, Ningyan Cheng, Chaojun Zhang and 7 more

Small | Aug 7, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

ABSTRACT Nano‐additive manufacturing (NAM) endows the prospection to build complex 3D nano‐sized structures with high flexibility, however it requires manipulating the liquid‐solid phase transition at nano‐scale resolution, which remains a great challenge. In this study, we realized controllable liquid‐solid reversible phase transition of metallic nanoparticles by using electron beam irradiation. Alternating melting and crystallization were induced in Sn and In‐Sn nanoparticles at the room temperature by applying an appropriate electron dose rate. For Sn nanoparticles, the temporal fraction of crystalline states can be quantitatively tuned from 1.41% to 90.58% by varying the dose rate from 2.21 × 10 5 to 0.66 × 10 5 A/m 2 , while the crystallization cycles increase from 11 to 26 and then decrease to 3. Similar behaviors were realized in the In‐Sn system as well. This tunability enables precise control of the melting and crystallization behavior of an individual metallic nanoparticle by adjusting the electron dose rate. A quantitative thermal model is proposed that phase‐dependent particle‐substrate thermal conductance controls the balance between beam‐induced heating and substrate heat dissipation, leading to temperature oscillations across the phase‐transition threshold and enabling reversible melting‐crystallization behavior.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Chenjia Zhang

first | Harbin Institute of Technology

Pengfei Nan

middle | Hefei Institutes of Physical Science | ORCID 0009-0009-0454-1262

Ningyan Cheng

middle | Hefei Institutes of Physical Science | ORCID 0009-0009-7844-3120

Chaojun Zhang

middle | Harbin Institute of Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-8195-9322

Hongzheng Wang

middle | Hefei Institutes of Physical Science | ORCID 0000-0003-3382-624X

Lunyong Zhang

middle | Harbin Institute of Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-1193-5966

Binghui Ge

middle | Hefei Institutes of Physical Science | ORCID 0000-0002-6470-6278

Yixuan He

middle | Northwestern Polytechnical University | ORCID 0000-0003-1865-1699

Hongxian Shen

middle | Harbin Institute of Technology | ORCID 0000-0001-7273-5004

Fuyang Cao

middle | Harbin Institute of Technology | ORCID 0000-0001-7435-9786

Jianfei Sun

last | Harbin Institute of Technology

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Zhang2026Achieving,
  title = {Achieving Controllable Liquid‐Solid Phase Transitions in Metallic Nanoparticles Through Electron Beam Irradiation},
  author = {Chenjia Zhang and Pengfei Nan and Ningyan Cheng and Chaojun Zhang and Hongzheng Wang and Lunyong Zhang and Binghui Ge and Yixuan He and Hongxian Shen and Fuyang Cao and Jianfei Sun},
  journal = {Small},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1002/smll.75115},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.75115}
}

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