Tree Root and Stability Studies
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Abstract
Abstract
Sustainable landslide hazard mitigation requires scenario-based assessment of nature-based solutions under realistic hydromechanical and multi-hazard conditions. This study evaluates the mechanical effect of Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) on slope stability in Loja, southern Ecuador, through an integrated framework combining geotechnical characterization, direct shear testing, finite element modelling, limit equilibrium analysis, and targeted statistical evaluation. Three fine-grained soils, classified as CH, MH, and ML, were analysed under baseline groundwater conditions, groundwater with an 8 kN/m2 surcharge, and groundwater with surcharge plus pseudo-static seismic loading. Vetiver reinforcement increased apparent cohesion by 8.92–27.65% and internal friction angle by 6.90–17.43%, with the highest cohesion gain in ML soil. Numerical results showed that stabilization was controlled by soil type, slope geometry, loading condition, and interaction between the 2.0 m root-reinforced layer and the governing failure mechanism. Under surcharge loading, FS for ML at 0.5H:1V increased from 1.056 to 1.450. Under combined loading, FS increased from 0.217 to 1.440 for ML at 1H:1V and from 0.587 to 2.060 for CH at 1H:1V. Targeted ANOVA/MANOVA for MH soil confirmed the influence of geometry and combined loading. Therefore, Vetiver should be considered a complementary, site-specific, and risk-informed mitigation measure rather than a universal stabilization solution.
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@article{Torres2026Sustainable,
title = {Sustainable Assessment of Vetiver-Based Nature-Based Solutions for Landslide Hazard Mitigation Under Groundwater, Surcharge, and Pseudo-Static Seismic Conditions},
author = {Jose Luis Chavez Torres and Kunyong Zhang and Jhon Patricio Rodriguez and Alejandra Nathaly Flores Granda},
journal = {Sustainability},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.3390/su18147054},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su18147054}
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