Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Open access Peer reviewed

Sex/Gender Differences in Co-occurring Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Conditions of Autistic Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Janina Brede, Rachel Loomes, Will Mandy

Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Jun 9, 2026

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Findings underscore the need for heightened clinical attention to co-occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions in autistic adults, particularly PRF, and can inform more targeted screening efforts and tailoring of treatment.

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Abstract To investigate sex/gender differences in co-occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions among autistic adults, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies reporting prevalence rates separately for autistic people referred to as female (PRF) and autistic people referred to as male (PRM). Autistic PRF exhibited higher rates of anxiety, eating disorders and trauma-related conditions. Autistic PRM showed elevated rates of certain neurodevelopmental and externalising conditions. No sex/gender differences were found for obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactive disorder, and schizophrenia/psychotic disorders. This review highlights gaps in the evidence base. Findings underscore the need for heightened clinical attention to co-occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions in autistic adults, particularly PRF, and can inform more targeted screening efforts and tailoring of treatment.

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Janina Brede

first

Rachel Loomes

middle | ORCID 0000-0002-4646-6514

Will Mandy

last

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@article{Brede2026Gender,
  title = {Sex/Gender Differences in Co-occurring Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Conditions of Autistic Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis},
  author = {Janina Brede and Rachel Loomes and Will Mandy},
  journal = {Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1007/s40489-026-00562-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-026-00562-0}
}

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