Surface Mine Planning Adaptations for the Integration of Autonomous Haulage Systems: A Review

Abstract

Abstract

Autonomous haulage systems (AHSs) have become increasingly important as mining operations seek to improve productivity and remove workers from hazardous environments. The systematic integration of this technology requires not only operational change management but also a deeper understanding of mine planning implications. The existing literature describes AHSs and implementation guidelines with a focus on operational safety and autonomous system architecture, but it does not systematically address required planning-level adaptations. This study aims to identify how surface mine planning frameworks must evolve to accommodate autonomy in open-pit metal mining operations. A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, with emphasis on identifying the principal aspects of AHSs that must be considered in mine planning strategies. Findings reveal major shifts in workforce dynamics, communication infrastructure, and haul-road geometry, and show that road-width and load-channelization questions remain site-specific research needs rather than settled design rules. This study highlights the need for (i) mine planning frameworks that treat AHSs as a constraint on pit geometry, haul-road structural and functional design, fleet selection, production scheduling, road-maintenance strategy, and economic and social evaluation; (ii) human–systems integration and improved human-autonomous collaboration; and (iii) empirical validation of workforce transition strategies for more effective and safe deployment.