Beyond Brand Popularity: Decoding Lip Balm Performance Through Lipid Structural Architecture, Instrumental Texture Analysis, and Consumer Expectations

Abstract

Abstract

Objective: Commercial lip balm sticks are often selected based on brand popularity and marketing claims, which may not reflect formulation quality or mechanical reliability. This study investigated whether lipid matrix organization better predicts mechanical integrity and consumer acceptance than commercial positioning and introduced the Structural Lipid Architecture (SLA) concept. Materials and Methods: Seven best-selling commercial lip balm sticks were evaluated through consumer research, instrumental texture analysis, and compositional assessment. A validated questionnaire completed by 234 participants assessed product performance, fracture perception, purchasing behaviour, and willingness to pay for improved quality. Mechanical properties were determined using a Brookfield CT3 Texture Analyzer, while INCI compositions were analysed for structural wax diversity, lipid co-structuring agents, and melting point distribution within the SLA framework. Results: Overall, 76.9% of respondents reported having previously experienced stick fracture or deformation, while 94.4% expressed willingness to pay more for products offering superior performance and safety. Product fracture was strongly associated with reduced confidence in product quality (ρ = 0.672, p < 0.0001) and lower repurchase intention (ρ = 0.725, p < 0.0001). Hardness strongly correlated with mechanical work (r = 0.950, p = 0.001). Formulations combining complementary natural, mineral, and/or synthetic waxes with lipid co-structuring agents exhibited superior structural cohesion and fracture resistance, whereas simplified wax systems showed progressive mechanical failure. Conclusions: Best-selling status did not consistently predict superior mechanical performance. Optimized combinations of complementary structural waxes were key determinants of product integrity and fracture resistance.