Survey Methodology and Nonresponse Open access Peer reviewed

Click, collect, compare: Evaluating a nonprobability web survey for family demography

Leonie Diffené, Thomas Léopold, Zafer Büyükkeçeci, Marcel Raab

Demographic Research | Jun 18, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

BACKGROUNDHigh-quality population data are expensive to collect and limited in substantive scope, constraining timely and innovative research. OBJECTIVEWe evaluate nonprobability data from the KINMATRIX survey by comparing it with external data on kinship structure and relationships to kin. METHODSKINMATRIX is a web-based quota survey of over 12,000 younger adults (aged 25-35) in 9 European countries and the United States.Respondents reported egocentric kinship networks, yielding more than 250,000 ego-kin dyads.We compare indicators in three domains -family network size (number of living kin), family relationships (emotional closeness, geographical distance, coresidence, and contact frequency), and family complexity (parental separation and number of half-siblings) -with estimates from probability-based surveys, demographic projections based on official vital statistics, and national registers. RESULTSKINMATRIX estimates of family network size tend to be lower than demographic projections based on official data, with smaller gaps for aunts and uncles and larger gaps for siblings and cousins.Cross-national differences in the number of parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, and cousins are broadly consistent across data sources, whereas patterns differ for grandparents.Regarding family relationships,

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Leonie Diffené

first | ORCID 0009-0003-5932-6320

Thomas Léopold

middle | ORCID 0000-0001-5554-3254

Zafer Büyükkeçeci

middle | ORCID 0000-0002-3763-2568

Marcel Raab

last | ORCID 0000-0002-3097-1591

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Diffen2026Click,
  title = {Click, collect, compare: Evaluating a nonprobability web survey for family demography},
  author = {Leonie Diffené and Thomas Léopold and Zafer Büyükkeçeci and Marcel Raab},
  journal = {Demographic Research},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.4054/demres.2026.54.42},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2026.54.42}
}

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