Motor Control and Adaptation Open access Peer reviewed

No gender differences in predictive processing

Inés Botía, Bianka Brezóczki, Adrienn Holczer, Dezso Nemeth and 1 more

Scientific Reports | Aug 4, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Statistical learning, defined as the implicit extraction of environmental regularities, is considered a fundamental cognitive mechanism that supports predictive processing across individuals, domains, and species. However, whether it is modulated by gender remains unclear. This study investigated potential gender-related differences in statistical learning using an age-matched sample of 129 women and 129 men ( N = 258) who completed a well-established visuomotor probabilistic learning task. Statistical learning was revealed in both reaction time and accuracy measures, with participants responding faster and more accurately to high-probability than to low-probability trials. Critically, neither the magnitude nor the trajectory of statistical learning differed between women and men. Furthermore, no baseline differences in visuomotor performance interacted with learning metrics. Overall, these findings suggest that implicit statistical learning is a robust cognitive mechanism that is highly resilient to gender-related variation.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Inés Botía

first | Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | ORCID 0000-0001-7263-0739

Bianka Brezóczki

middle | Eötvös Loránd University | ORCID 0009-0000-5230-5525

Adrienn Holczer

middle | Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | ORCID 0000-0003-0668-8080

Dezso Nemeth

middle | Lyon 1 Université

Teodóra Vékony

last | Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | ORCID 0000-0002-8620-5685

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Bota2026gender,
  title = {No gender differences in predictive processing},
  author = {Inés Botía and Bianka Brezóczki and Adrienn Holczer and Dezso Nemeth and Teodóra Vékony},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-63997-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63997-9}
}

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