A generation at risk: Reviewing the youth obesity epidemic

Abstract

Abstract

Youth obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health concerns of the 21st century, affecting children and adolescents across developed and developing nations. This review examines the growing prevalence of obesity among young people, its underlying causes, associated health consequences, and possible intervention strategies. The epidemic is driven by a complex interaction of genetic, behavioural, environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors. Contributing factors include sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy dietary habits, increased consumption of energy-dense processed foods, and reduced physical activity. The review further highlights the short-term and long-term health implications of youth obesity, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, psychological distress, low self-esteem, and social stigmatization. In addition, because the condition often persists into adulthood, it increases the burden of chronic disease and healthcare costs globally. The study also explores the role of family structures, school environments, media influence, and public health policies in shaping children’s health behaviours. Findings from the review suggest that addressing youth obesity requires a multidimensional and preventive approach involving parents, schools, healthcare systems, communities, and government institutions. Early intervention, nutrition education, promotion of physical activity, and policy reforms aimed at improving food environments are essential to reversing this trend. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the urgent need for coordinated action to safeguard the health and future of the younger generation.