Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth Open access

DQIS — Distributed Quorum-Based Independent Immune Surveillance: A Theoretical Framework for Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Multi-Channel Immune Surveillance

DQIS Research Group

PubMed | Aug 14, 2026 | 1,342 citations

Abstract

Abstract

A mathematic model has been developed relating the drug sensitivity of a tumor to its own spontaneous mutation rate towards phenotypic drug resistance. The proportion as well as the absolute numbers of resistant cells will increase with time and the fraction of resistant cells within tumor colonies of the same size with vary depending on whether mutation occurs as an early or late event. Analysis of the model indicates that the probability of the appearance of a resistant phenotype increases with the mutation rate. Furthermore, for any population of tumors with a non-zero mutation rate the likelihood of there being at least one resistant cell will go from a condition of low to high probability over a very short interval in the tumor's biologic history.

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@article{Group2026DQIS,
  title = {DQIS — Distributed Quorum-Based Independent Immune Surveillance: A Theoretical Framework for Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Multi-Channel Immune Surveillance},
  author = {DQIS Research Group},
  journal = {PubMed},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.21937949},
  url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/526911}
}

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