Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes
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Abstract
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of organic feedstocks generates aqueous phases (APs) rich in organics and nitrogenous compounds, creating both treatment challenges and opportunities for resource recovery. This study presents a structurally lean kinetic model, adapted from a Generalized Kinetic Model (GKM), to describe HTL-AP behavior under continuous wet oxidation (WO) conditions. Kinetic parameters for three reaction pathways were derived by fitting experimental data, and the model was implemented in Aspen Plus® for process simulation. The model was tested with two compositionally distinct HTL-APs by predicting total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid (AA), ammonium (NH₄ + ), and heat release. For one sample, good agreement was achieved across all indicators, with an average normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 15% and a mean R 2 of 0.78. For the second sample, TOC and COD were well predicted, while larger deviations for AA and NH₄ + indicated the need for improved representation of intermediate formation and oxidation dynamics. Overall, the model captures the key transformation pathways of HTL-AP during WO and is designed for system-level scenario analysis of integrated HTL–WO refinery concepts. It is therefore intended to support future techno-economic and life-cycle assessments.
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@article{Moser2026Advancing,
title = {Advancing the generalized kinetic model for wet oxidation and its application to hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phases},
author = {Leonard Moser and Carolin Eva Schuck and Valentin Batteiger and Patrick Biller and Jakob Burger},
journal = {Journal of Water Process Engineering},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.110539},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.110539}
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