Software System Performance and Reliability Open access

Actual causality in fault trees

Georgiana Caltais, Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg, Mariëlle; id_orcid 0000-0001-6793-8165 Stoelinga

arXiv (Cornell University) | Jul 2, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Fault trees are a widely used as effective risk models for complex systems, answering the question "what can go wrong?", especially through minimal cut set analysis. We study fault trees from the perspective of Halpern & Pearl's theory of actual causality. This allows us to use fault trees to answer the question "why has it gone wrong?", which is fundamental to failure diagnostics. We give a complete classification of each of the different notions of actual causality in terms of the fault tree's graph structure and logical structure, and show how minimal cut sets give rise to actual causes.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Georgiana Caltais

first | ORCID 0000-0002-8653-2299

Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg

middle | ORCID 0000-0001-5687-854X

Mariëlle; id_orcid 0000-0001-6793-8165 Stoelinga

last

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Caltais2026Actual,
  title = {Actual causality in fault trees},
  author = {Georgiana Caltais and Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg and Mariëlle; id_orcid 0000-0001-6793-8165 Stoelinga},
  journal = {arXiv (Cornell University)},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01840}
}

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