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Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation

Eva M. Pålsson‐McDermott, Luke O'neill

Cell Metabolism | Apr 2, 2025 | 42 citations

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The reprogramming of metabolic pathways and processes in immune cells has emerged as an important aspect of the immune response and the therapeutic opportunities presented from the mimicry of these metabolites or by targeting the enzymes that make or metabolize them in order to leverage the body's own anti-inflammatory response.

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The reprogramming of metabolic pathways and processes in immune cells has emerged as an important aspect of the immune response. Metabolic intermediates accumulate as a result of metabolic adaptations and mediate functions outside of metabolism in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. In macrophages, there has been a major focus on 3 metabolites linked to the Krebs cycle, itaconate, succinate, and fumarate, which have been shown to regulate multiple processes. Here, we discuss recent progress on these 3 metabolites with regard to their effect on macrophages in host defense and inflammatory diseases. We also consider the therapeutic opportunities presented from the mimicry of these metabolites or by targeting the enzymes that make or metabolize them in order to leverage the body's own anti-inflammatory response.

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Eva M. Pålsson‐McDermott

first | Trinity College Dublin | ORCID 0009-0005-0201-5171

Luke O'neill

last | Trinity College Dublin | ORCID 0000-0002-4333-2748

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BibTeX

@article{PlssonMcDermott2025Gang,
  title = {Gang of 3: How the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation},
  author = {Eva M. Pålsson‐McDermott and Luke O'neill},
  journal = {Cell Metabolism},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.004}
}

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