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Probing the atomic dynamics of ultrafast melting with femtosecond electron diffraction

Mianzhen Mo, M. B. Maigler, T. Held, Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai and 11 more

Nature Communications | Aug 6, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Melting is an every-day phase transition that is determined by thermodynamic parameters like temperature and pressure. In contrast, ultra-fast melting is governed by the microscopic response to a rapid energy input and, thus, can reveal the strength and dynamics of atomic bonds as well as the energy flow rate to the lattice. Accurately describing these processes remains challenging and requires detailed insights into transient states encountered. Here, we present data from femtosecond electron diffraction measurements that capture the structural evolution of copper during the ultrafast solid-to-liquid phase transformations. At absorbed energy densities 2-4 times the melting threshold, melting begins at the surface slightly below the nominal melting point followed by rapid homogeneous melting throughout the volume. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce these observations and reveal a weak electron-lattice energy transfer rate for the given experimental conditions. Both simulations and experiments show no indications of rapid lattice collapse when its temperature surpasses proposed limits of superheating, providing evidence that the inherent dynamics limits the speed of disordering in ultrafast melting of metals.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Mianzhen Mo

first | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | ORCID 0000-0002-2962-0815

M. B. Maigler

middle | Universität der Bundeswehr München

T. Held

middle | University of Kaiserslautern | ORCID 0009-0009-8925-1810

Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai

middle | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | ORCID 0000-0002-0737-6786

Armin Bergermann

middle | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | ORCID 0000-0002-2849-1791

Z. Chen

middle | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Renkai Li

middle | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | ORCID 0000-0002-3163-5506

Xiaozhe Shen

middle | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | ORCID 0000-0002-6844-608X

K. Sokolowski-Tinten

middle | University of Duisburg-Essen | ORCID 0000-0002-7979-5357

R. Redmer

middle | Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf | ORCID 0000-0003-3440-863X

Xijie Wang

middle | TU Dortmund University | ORCID 0000-0003-3324-4709

J. Schein

middle | Universität der Bundeswehr München

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Mo2026Probing,
  title = {Probing the atomic dynamics of ultrafast melting with femtosecond electron diffraction},
  author = {Mianzhen Mo and M. B. Maigler and T. Held and Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai and Armin Bergermann and Z. Chen and Renkai Li and Xiaozhe Shen and K. Sokolowski-Tinten and R. Redmer and Xijie Wang and J. Schein and D. O. Gericke and B. Rethfeld and S. H. Glenzer},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-75970-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-75970-1}
}

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