GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
Open access
Peer reviewed
Scollr summary
What this paper is about
GDF15 expression in human SAT and VAT is correlated to peripheral blood GDF15 concentrations and is regulated by metabolic and innate immune response pathways involved in AT inflammation and metaflammation.
Full abstract
Read the full abstract
Background: GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor-15) is part of the transforming growth factor-beta family and represents a cellular stress-induced gene. It might have a role in metaflammation and adipoflammation. We aimed to investigate the effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and hypoxia-related pathways together with metabolic factors on GDF15 regulation in adipocytes and adipose tissue (AT). Methods: GDF15 mRNA quantities in the human adipocyte cell line SGBS, in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (resected from n = 96 obese and characterized patients), and in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured by real-time RT-PCR. GDF15 protein concentrations in cell supernatants and serum were quantified by ELISA. The following stimuli/pathways were investigated: insulin, glucose, TLR ligands (TLR2/6, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9), bile acids, synthetic FXR/TGR5 activators, and HIF1α activators. Results: Basal GDF15 expression is low and only marginally induced in SGBS cells. In contrast, GDF15 is expressed in human SAT and VAT and correlates positively with the corresponding GDF15 protein concentration in peripheral blood serum of obese patients. Among metabolic factors, insulin and bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid upregulate GDF15 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the latter via FXR but not via TGR5. Among innate immune regulators, only TLR7 activation and hypoxic mediators upregulate whereas STAT3 signaling downregulates GDF15. Conclusion: GDF15 expression in human SAT and VAT is correlated to peripheral blood GDF15 concentrations and is regulated by metabolic and innate immune response pathways involved in AT inflammation and metaflammation.
Direct answer
What can I do from this paper page?
Use this page to scan "GDF15 (Growth/Differentiation Factor-15) Expression in Human Adipose Tissue and in Adipocyte Cell Lines" quickly: start with the summary and abstract, then check the authors, source, topics, and related papers. From here, open Scollr to follow GDF15 and Related Biomarkers research, save the paper, or map adjacent work.
Research areas
Follow related topics
Citation
BibTeX
@article{Wilfurth2026GDF15,
title = {GDF15 (Growth/Differentiation Factor-15) Expression in Human Adipose Tissue and in Adipocyte Cell Lines},
author = {Emily Wilfurth and Alexandra Höpfinger and Edita Islami and Thomas Karrasch and Andreas Schäffler and Andreas Schmid},
journal = {Biomedicines},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines14061329},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061329}
}FAQ
Using this paper in a discovery workflow
How do I find related work for this paper?
Use the related papers and topic links on this page as starting points. In Scollr, you can also open the paper and build a literature map around its references, citing papers, and related work.
How can I keep up with new GDF15 and Related Biomarkers research papers?
Follow GDF15 and Related Biomarkers research in Scollr. New papers from the topic flow into a personalized feed, and you can save useful studies to revisit later.
Can I cite this paper from this page?
This page includes a static BibTeX block for GDF15 (Growth/Differentiation Factor-15) Expression in Human Adipose Tissue and in Adipocyte Cell Lines. Always verify the DOI, source, and publication details against the publisher record before submitting a manuscript.
Follow this research in Scollr
Follow the topics and authors behind this paper, save useful studies, and build a literature map when you are ready to go deeper.
Get the app