E-Government and Public Services

Measuring Digital Inclusion in Public Services: A Systematic Review of Methods and Metrics for Equitable Digital Government

Insaf OURRAOUI BELKASSMI, Amizan Omar, Vishanth Weerakkody

Journal of the Association for Information Systems | Jun 28, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Digital transformation in public services has intensified concerns about digital inclusion, yet its measurement remains fragmented and often limited to access- and usage-based indicators. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 79 studies to examine how digital inclusion is conceptualized and measured in digital public services. The findings reveal a persistent dominance of infrastructure and skills- based metrics, despite a growing recognition of inclusion as a multidimensional, socio-technical construct. The study highlights a misalignment between what is measured and how inclusion is experienced in practice. The paper proposes a structured, multi-dimensional perspective for assessing digital inclusion, contributing to ongoing debates on equitable digital government and more inclusive public service design.

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Insaf OURRAOUI BELKASSMI

first | University of Bradford

Amizan Omar

middle | University of Bradford | ORCID 0000-0002-5888-5935

Vishanth Weerakkody

last | University of Bradford

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Citation

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@article{BELKASSMI2026Measuring,
  title = {Measuring Digital Inclusion in Public Services: A Systematic Review of Methods and Metrics for Equitable Digital Government},
  author = {Insaf OURRAOUI BELKASSMI and Amizan Omar and Vishanth Weerakkody},
  journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2026/conftheme/conftheme/15}
}

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