Education as an Equaliser? Disability, Gender, and Employment Outcomes in a Nordic Welfare State

Abstract

Abstract

Why do substantial employment inequalities persist in a generous welfare state that formally promotes inclusion? Focusing on Norway, this article examines the relationship between educational achievement and employment among people with and without disabilities using nine waves of nationally representative European Social Survey data (2002–2018). It compares these groups overall, and, within the population with disabilities, it compares women and men. Linear probability models show that higher education is strongly and positively associated with employment for all groups, with larger absolute gains for persons with disabilities. Gender-stratified analyses indicate particularly strong associations for women with disabilities. Interactions with the survey year reveal a consistent strengthening of the education-employment link across waves, most pronounced among women with disabilities, implying a widening educational gradient rather than temporal convergence. These findings support a human capital perspective while demonstrating how gender and disability shape the translation of credentials into jobs in a Nordic welfare state. The study clarifies the conditional equalising role of education and highlights persistent structural barriers, which informs inclusive policy and future research.