Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus Open access Peer reviewed

GLYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISORDERS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Marta Koźmińczuk, Julia Gąsiorowska, Sara Urszula Haładyj, Marta Shved and 2 more

Issues of Rehabilitation Orthopaedics Neurophysiology and Sport Promotion – IRONS | Jun 17, 2026

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Dysfunction of the glymphatic system disrupts the drainage of cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid, leading to impaired removal of metabolites, accumulation of Ab, and progressive neurodegeneration in AD.

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Introduction Dysfunction of the glymphatic system (GS) impairs the removal of metabolites from the central nervous system, promoting neurotoxic change and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterised by the abnormal accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-b (Ab) and tau proteins within the brain. Aim In this review, we aim to summarize current knowledge on GS dysregulation and its association with AD development and progression. Material and methods A literature search was carried out using five scientific databases to identify English-language studies on GS alterations in AD in humans published within the last five years. After screening and eligibility assessment, 44 articles were included. Results According to our research AD appears to be associated with GS impairment. The most frequently reported indicators of GS dysfunction were the analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index, choroid plexus (CP) enlargement, and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS). A low ALPS-index is used as an indicator of GS dysfunction. Patients with AD show significantly reduced ALPS-index and an increased number of EPVS than controls. CP plays a crucial role in Ab clearance, and CP enlargement is considered a manifestation of its dysfunction, as observed in patients with AD. GS dysfunction may also be indicated by genetic factors and physiological modulations. Conclusions The review demonstrated that dysfunction of the GS disrupts the drainage of cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid, leading to impaired removal of metabolites, accumulation of Ab, and progressive neurodegeneration in AD.

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Marta Koźmińczuk

first | ORCID 0009-0005-9388-6641

Julia Gąsiorowska

middle | ORCID 0009-0002-4081-6891

Sara Urszula Haładyj

middle

Marta Shved

middle

Natalia Struzik

middle

Marta Nowakowska‐Kotas

last | ORCID 0000-0002-3173-8337

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BibTeX

@article{Komiczuk2026GLYMPHATIC,
  title = {GLYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISORDERS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE},
  author = {Marta Koźmińczuk and Julia Gąsiorowska and Sara Urszula Haładyj and Marta Shved and Natalia Struzik and Marta Nowakowska‐Kotas},
  journal = {Issues of Rehabilitation Orthopaedics Neurophysiology and Sport Promotion – IRONS},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.5114/irons/217100},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5114/irons/217100}
}

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